Defined benefit plans (provisions for pensions)

Some Group companies provide defined benefit pension plans for certain employees. The funds are valued every year by professionally qualified independent actuaries. The obligation and costs of pension benefits are determined using a projected unit credit method. The projected unit credit method considers each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation. Past service costs are recognised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the amended benefits become vested. Gains or losses on the curtailment or settlement of pension benefits are recognised when the curtailment or settlement occurs. For the majority of the pension plans actuarial gains or losses are included directly in the income statement of the period. For some pension plans actuarial gains or losses are amortised based on the expected average remaining working lives of the employees. The pension obligation is measured at the present value of estimated future Cash flows using different discount rates for different countries.

Other Group companies provide defined contribution plans for certain employees. The related costs are expensed as they occur.

Severance payments

In certain countries the Group is also obliged by law to pay termination indemnities in some cases of termination of employment. No termination indemnities are payable for voluntary termination at the request of the employee. Expenses related to termination indemnities are accrued. The funds are valued every year by professionally qualified independent actuaries. The obligation and costs of pension benefits are determined using a projected unit credit method. The projected unit credit method considers each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation. Past service costs are recognised on a straight-line basis over the average period until the amended benefits become vested. Gains or losses on the curtailment or settlement of pension benefits are recognised when the curtailment or settlement occurs. Actuarial gains or losses of the pension plans are included directly in the income statement of the period. The pension obligation is measured at the present value of estimated future Cash flows using different discount rates for different countries.