GLOSSARY
Advanced Control Expert
ANDRITZ software platform for all process optimizing solutions in the pulp and paper industry.
Advanced Process Control
Generic term for different control strategies; ANDRITZ mainly uses model-based controllers (e.g. BrainWave®) for complex control tasks.
Airborne dryer
A machine which, by means of hot air, evaporates water from the pulp mat which is formed on a pulp machine and feeds the pulp sheet, with approximately 10% residual moisture, into a pulp cutter with layboy.
Annealing
Process in which metal is heated, retained at a suitable temperature, then cooled rapidly or slowly to reduce internal stress. As a result, the metal becomes softer and more workable, particularly in cold processes.
Annual General Meeting
Body of a stock company which usually meets at least once a year and takes resolutions on important company matters according to company law.
APMP
See "P-RC™ APMP."
Approach equipment/flow system
Feeding system that provides stable feeding conditions for the paper/board machine.
ATX
Austrian Traded Index
Price index calculated by the Vienna Stock Exchange, containing the most actively traded shares on the Vienna Stock Exchange. The ATX comprises approximately 20 shares, weighted in the index according to market capitalization and free float.
ATXPrime
Price index calculated by the Vienna Stock Exchange and containing all the shares of the ATXPrime Market segment.
Authorized capital
Authorization by resolution of the Shareholders’ Meeting allowing the Executive Board to increase the share capital by a maximum of 50% within five years by issuing new shares.
AWP
ANDRITZ Wash Press
Equipment for pulp washing and dewatering.
Bagasse
A residue of industrial sugar production from sugar cane. Apart from the plant juice, large amounts of fibrous material remain, approximately 30% of which is used as fuel within the sugar factory. The other 70% is a valuable raw material, which – due to its high cellulose content – can be used in a variety of production processes, e.g. of paper, board, and packaging materials.
BFB
Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) combustion is the state-of-the-art combustion technology for a wide range of biomass and other fuels. The BFB consists of a layer of inert bed material (about one meter, usually sand) that is fluidized by blowing air through the bed layer. The fuel is fed in above the bed and combustion takes place in the boiler furnace with secondary air.
Biomass boiler
See "Power boiler".
Black liquor
Mixture of spent cooking chemicals and dissolved wood material remaining after sulphate cooking. Black liquor is recovered during pulp washing, concentrated by evaporation, and burned in the recovery boiler to regenerate the cooking chemicals and also produce energy for the mill.
BrainWave®
Model-based controller used for complex control tasks.
BTL
Biomass to Liquid
Production of liquid transportation fuels from solid biomass feed stocks.
Calender
In paper, nonwovens, and textile production, machine with one or several rolls, which causes certain profile and surface properties in web materials (gloss, strength, roughness).
Cassette module system
Enables the automatic changing of cassettes having rolls of different diameters and a differing number of rolls. This allows treating a larger spectrum of materials with one machine.
Coating
In paper production, process through which the surface of paper or board is closed by chemical substances or a color coat. This improves certain properties (e.g. the printability of paper) significantly and prepares the material for certain uses.
Cold-rolled strip
Cold-rolled stainless steel has been subjected to several processes after hot rolling including annealing, pickling, reduction rolling (cold rolling), and further thermal and surface treatment steps. These process steps serve to adjust the technological characteristics (corrosion resistance, temperature resistance, cold forming capability, etc.)
Compact bulb turbine
Special form of Kaplan turbine; generator and turbine in one housing directly in the flow current.
Condensate stripping system
A distillation system for treating evaporator foul condensate; removes methanol and TRS (Total Reduced Sulphur) compounds that would prevent water reuse. In modern mills, an integral part of an evaporation plant.
Cooking
Process to produce pulp (fibers) for papermaking. Wood chips or other cellulosic materials are treated in a pressure vessel with chemicals under elevated pressure and temperature. Reactions dissolve lignin (‘glue’) and liberate the fibers from the wood matrix without using mechanical action.
Corporate bond
Bonds are securities that embody the rights to certain claims. A corporation or state uses bonds to raise debt capital. Bonds are also often referred to as ‘debentures’, ‘debenture bonds’ or (because their payments usually remain the same) as ‘fixed interest securities.’
Corporate Governance Code
Set of rules for Austrian corporations that provides a regulatory framework for responsible company management and control. It is a yardstick for good corporate governance.
Creping dryer (Yankee cylinder)
Creping dryers are used in the drying section of a tissue machine. They are steam-heated, with diameters between 3 and 5.5 m, widths between 2.5 and 6.5 m and weights of up to 125 tons. They run with circumferential speeds of up to 2,200 m/min. The paper is pressed onto these cylinders, dried, and when dry creped by a special doctor.
Curtain coater
Process for coating paper and board. The coating medium is applied to the paper web by means of a long, high-precision die installed above the web. As the coating medium is being applied onto the web, it gives the impression of forming a curtain.
CVD
Chemical Vapor Deposition
A coating process which generally uses a gas-phase precursor to deposit thin films on the surface of a substrate. Metal-organic precursors can be used to deposit corrosion resistant coatings on metals' surfaces.
DD washer
Drum Displacer® Washer
This washer can be used in all fiberline process stages to separate the waste liquor that is generated during cooking and that contains dissolved wood and chemicals from the stock. It is a pressurized multistage washer which can include as many as four stages.
DDGS
Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles
Animal feed produced from a by-product from bio- ethanol production.
Decanter centrifuge
A continuously-operating centrifuge for separating materials of different density using high centrifugal forces (approximately 3,000 times the gravitational acceleration).
Deinking
A process in which most of the ink, filler, and other extraneous material is removed from printed and/or unprinted recovered paper. The result is a pulp which can be used in the manufacture of new paper, including tissue, printing, writing, and office papers.
Delignification
Removal of lignin from wood fibers. This is performed primarily in the cooking process and further carried out in the washing and bleaching process. In bleaching, ECF pulp mills use chlorine compounds (chlorine dioxide) for this process, although it can be achieved with oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, or ozone (which do not create organo-chlorines).
Dividend
That part of a company’s profits paid out to the shareholders. The amount of the dividend is proposed by the Executive Board of a company and approved in a resolution by the Shareholders’ Meeting.
Downflow Lo-Solids® cooking
Continuous cooking process which makes use of the distributed reactive cooking chemicals addition (even alkali profile), clean filtrate addition, and multiple black liquor extraction points to create a ‘cleaner’, lower dissolved solids cooking environment. Chips and liquor inside the digester vessel are flowing most of the time cocurrently, and, together with the above-mentioned features, this results in improved chip column movement and more uniform pulp quality control.
EBITA
Earnings before Interest, Taxes, and Amortization of goodwill
This earnings measure is of particular interest in cases where companies have high goodwill. EBITA is a good measure of comparing companies within industries.
EBITA margin
Financial figure that calculates the EBITA in relation to sales and states the profitability over a specific period.
ECF
Elemental Chlorine-Free pulp
Pulp bleached without the use of any elemental chlorine. However, chlorine compounds (e.g. chlorine dioxide) may be used in the bleaching process.
EPC
Engineer Procure Construct
A project delivery where one supplier assumes total responsibility for product and project engineering, equipment and construction procurement, and on-site construction.
Equity ratio
The equity ratio indicates the proportion of equity capital in a company's total assets (balance sheet total).
Evaporation plant
System for removing water from black liquor so that it can be efficiently burned in a recovery boiler. At the same time, the evaporated water is segregated and cleaned for reuse in the pulp mill processes.
Ex-dividend
The price of the share is lowered by the amount of the dividend a few days before the dividend is paid out.
Extruder
See "Extrusion."
Extrusion
A continuous process in which animal feed components are cooked under pressure in a combination of frictional and steam heat in order to expand the resulting product and convert it into feed granulate. This process is very common in the production of pet food, fish feed, and cereals.
Fiberline
The machines and process systems involved in converting wood chips into pulp. Process steps can include cooking, washing, screening, knot separation, refining, and, if required, bleaching.
Fischer-Tropsch
Technology developed in the 1920s to convert coal into liquid fuels. Today, this method is also applied for converting gas from biomass gasification into liquid fuels.
Fluidized bed drying
Thermal process causing free-flowing products such as plastics, chemicals, etc., or sludges to float due to gas or air infeed and to dry by intensive material and heat transfer between the fluidizing gas and the product.
FlyingWing Deculator®
Equipment used in stock preparation and approach flow systems, which ensures complete removal of all entrained air and dissolved gases from the fibers.
Four-high skin-pass mill
The four-high skin-pass mill consists of four rolls arranged in a vertical line. The cold strip rolled in a reducing rolling mill and subsequently annealed is further treated in the skin-pass mill in order to improve the forming properties and surface quality.
Francis turbine
This reaction turbine is the most widely used and most universal type of water turbine; used primarily in run-of-river and storage power stations with medium flow rate and medium head.
Free float
That proportion of a corporation’s shares that is traded on the stock market and is not held by investors with a very long-term interest in the company.
Gasification
Gasification is a process for converting carbon-containing feed stocks, such as coal, petroleum, or biomass, into gas by causing the raw material to react with a controlled amount of air, oxygen, and/or steam at high temperatures.
Gravitel
Process developed by ANDRITZ and used for electrolytic galvanizing of steel strip.
Green liquor
Aqueous solution of the smelt resulting from the burning of thickened waste liquor in the recovery boiler. Mainly consists of sodium carbonate and sodium sulphide.
HBF
Hyperbaric Filter
A disc filter that operates under elevated pressure inside a vessel. This helps to substantially increase the pressure difference vis-à-vis the atmosphere which is an important factor in filtration.
HDPE
High Density Polyethylene
Synthetic material used for pressure pipes and industrial coatings.
Headbox
Located in the wet section of a paper machine, the headbox delivers a uniform jet of paper stock (furnish) of essentially the same width as the paper to be produced. The word is derived from earlier days when the hydrostatic head within the box was sufficient to deliver a jet velocity matching the speed of the forming fabric. Today, the pressure within a modern headbox is maintained by pumps and controls.
HERB
The High Energy Recovery Boiler (HERB) increases the electricity generation from black liquor compared to conventional recovery boilers. This is achieved by increasing the steam temperature and pressure, and by preheating the combustion air and feed water.
HHQ-Chipper™
HHQ: Horizontal High Quality
Product name for a horizontally-fed wood chipper.
Hot-rolled strip
Hot-rolled stainless steel strip is material resulting from the rolling of slabs or other input materials at high strip temperatures (approximately 700-1000°C).
IFRS
International Financial Reporting Standards
International accounting standards drawn up by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Complying with IFRS should enable investors and other relevant stakeholders to better compare annual accounts presented by companies from different countries.
IGCC
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
IGCC is a power plant using gasification gas as fuel. Electric power is generated by a gas turbine and steam turbine.
Investor Relations
Interface between the company and the financial community. An Investor Relations department should regularly provide transparent, comprehensive, and up-to-date information on developments within the company to shareholders, financial analysts, and investors.
ISIN
International Securities Identification Number
Individual identification number of a security, enabling computerized international registration of a security.
Kaplan turbine
Water turbine with axial inward flow and adjustable runner, used in river power stations with high flow rate and low head.
Kenaf
Annual plant of the mallow family, and also the name of the fiber that can be extracted from it. Kenaf gives a bast fiber that can be used in the production of paper, fabrics, or pulp for industrial uses. The plant has originated from Africa but has meanwhile spread to most continents.
Kraft linerboard
Top layer and/or intermediate layer of corrugated or solid board.
Lime kiln
A long, slowly rotating kiln used to reburn lime mud (calcium carbonate) to form calcium oxide, which is reused in recausticizing.
LimeFlash™
A new type of lime mud feeding and drying solution for lime kilns. LimeFlash™ helps to increase the capacity of conventional types of kilns and kilns equipped with an external lime mud drying system. The LimeFlash™ system mixes hot flue gases with the lime mud before the gas enters the feed end housing, which allows the operation of the kiln at a higher feed end temperature without plugging and lime mud splitting.
Liquid methanol plant
Distillation system used to convert methanol separated from foul condensate in the foul condensate stripper into liquid fuel that can be used in the pulp mill processes.
LMD
Lime Mud Drying
A conventional lime mud feeding and drying solution for lime kilns. See also ‘LimeFlash™’.
LMD kiln
A long, slowly rotating kiln equipped with a conventional lime mud feeding and drying solution (LMD), used to reburn lime mud (calcium carbonate) to produce calcium oxide, which is reused in recausticizing.
Lo-Solids®
See "Downflow Lo-Solids® Cooking."
LWC
Light-Weight Coated
Coated paper with comparatively low weight, generally below 72 gsm.
Market pulp
Pulp produced from wood and sold on the open market, as opposed to that which is produced for internal consumption by an integrated paper mill or affiliated mill.
MCC
Motor Control Center
Energy distribution and control of all electric drives in an industrial plant.
MDF
Medium Density Fiberboard
Board made of mechanical pulp from the refiner process.
Mechanical pulp
A generic term describing pulp produced by a mechanical (as opposed to a chemical) process. Also known as ’high-yield’ pulp as the processes utilize a higher proportion of the raw material (wood) than the chemical processes. Mechanical pulp is produced using either grinders or refiners. It is principally used in the production of newsprint, magazine papers, printing papers, specialty papers, tissue, towelling, paperboard, and wallboard.
Methanol liquefaction system
See ‘liquid methanol plant.’
MVR evaporation system
MVR: Mechanical Vapor Recompression
Evaporation plant that mechanically compresses the evaporated water and reuses it for heating, thus providing very low specific energy consumption.
NBSK
Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft
Pulp that is mainly produced in Canada and the Nordic countries but also, to some extent, in the northwestern USA and Russia. The industry's benchmark grade of pulp for pricing and inventory data.
Net liquidity
Cash and cash equivalents plus Marketable securities plus Fair value of interest rate swaps minus Financial liabilities.
Nonwovens
Flat textile structure consisting of single fibers bound together by such processes as thermal bonding, solidification by water jet, chemical bonding, or ultrasonic solidification. Nonwovens contrast with paper in that they lack the hydrogen bonds that give paper its strength.
OPE®
Overall Production Efficiency
A service concept based upon open cooperation with a customer to improve profitability of pulp and paper mills by focusing on production efficiency as well as operation and maintenance costs.
P-RC™ APMP
Preconditioning-Refiner Chemical/Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp
P-RC™ APMP is a chemi-thermo-mechanical refining process preceded by single-stage or multi-stage impregnation with alkaline peroxide bleach liquors. P-RC™ APMP systems can operate without a post-bleach plant, since bleaching takes place during impregnation and in/after the refiner. Due to alkali impregnation, the specific energy consumption in the refiner is reduced significantly, the fiber characteristics are optimized. The process is particularly suitable for all kinds of hardwood and annual plants.
Papillon Refiner
The Papillon refiner is applied to increase the strength properties of different fiber materials according to the requirements of the paper grade to be produced.
Pelton turbine
Impulse turbine used in storage power stations with low flow rate and large head in lower and in high mountain ranges.
Pickling
Process for chemical treatment of oxidized steel, applied to obtain a clean metallic surface. Here, the steel is dipped into a hot bath of diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid.
Power boiler
Steam boiler used for heat and/or electricity generation from a variety of fuels, e.g. coal, gas, biomass. ANDRITZ power boiler technology uses biomass fuels and is based on Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) technology. See also ‘BFB.’
Prime Market
Market segment of the Vienna Stock Exchange which contains stocks that are admitted to listing on the official market or semi-official market and meet special additional listing criteria.
PrimeFeeder
System using a vacuum conveyor belt (JetBelt) to transfer the paper web in different sections of a paper or board machine.
PrimePress X
The PrimePress X shoe press is used for dewatering in paper machines. It is capable of extracting large amounts of water from the material while preserving the bulk. A special device (shaped like a shoe) is integrated in one of the two rolls (shoe roll) extending the nip. Thus, line forces can be increased and the dwell time in the nip extended. This design achieves higher dry contents and gentle dewatering; the press operates at high speeds and low energy consumption.
PrimeRoll Eco
Deflection-controlled roll with high energy saving effect used in a wide range of calendering applications. The quantity of oil inside the roll is reduced, which leads to a significantly lower energy consumption during roll rotation.
PROFI bus system
Bus system for link-up of decentralized sensors and actuators in an electronic control.
PTA
Purified Terephtalic Acid
An intermediate product in synthetics production.
Pump turbine
Can be used either as a turbine (generating) or as a pump (consumption) in modern pumped storage power stations.
Pyromars
When pickling stainless steel, a waste acid solution is produced containing hydrofluoric and nitric acid. This mixed acid is recovered in the Pyromars plant. The waste solution is thermally decomposed. The acid gases resulting from the process are absorbed in water and reused in the pickling plant. Mixed oxide (iron/chromium/nickel) is a by-product that can be reused in the stainless steel melt.
Recovery boiler
The recovery boiler is a steam boiler where the black liquor from the cooking process is burned, after it has been concentrated in the evaporation plant. The residual biomass (lignin) is burned and the inorganic chemicals are recovered and returned to the pulp mill chemical cycle. Simultaneously, combustion of the biomass generates steam to produce electricity and heat for the pulp mill.
Recuperative burner
Recuperative burners are mainly used in furnaces operating at up to 1200° C. They operate as countercurrent heat exchangers, using the energy contained in the hot flue gases for preheating the combustion gases.
Refiner
Machine used to grind pulp between two discs. Refiners can operate at low consistency or at higher consistencies. At low consistencies, the material is fed to the refiner using a pump. At higher consistency levels, conveying devices are used. Other refiner types are used for breaking down wood chips into fibers.
Regeneration system
The hydrochloric waste acid solution from carbon steel pickling is recovered in the regeneration system. The waste solution is thermally decomposed. The acid gas resulting from the process is absorbed in water and reused in the pickling plant. Iron oxide is a by-product that is reused in various applications such as ferrite production, etc.
Roadshow
The management of a listed company presents the company’s activities, strategies, and long-term prospects to national and international institutional investors and retail shareholders.
RotaBarker™
Product name for wood debarking equipment.
Debarking is based on the rotating shafts located in the lower part of machine.
RT Fibration
Pretreatment of wood chips ahead of an RTS TMP stage for further reduction of the specific refining energy. The wood chips are subjected to thermo-mechanical pretreatment in heavy-duty screw presses (MSD Impressafiner) involving controlled pressures and shearing forces. This is followed by a separate pressurized refining stage at low refining energy, followed by the refining stage proper. In conjunction with the RTS TMP process, approximately 30% of the energy can be saved while obtaining equal or even better pulp quality compared to the conventional TMP process.
RTS TMP
TMP process which reduces the specific refining energy by approximately 10-20% compared to conventional processes. The wood chips are subjected to high temperature (T) over a short time (R: Retention); the refiner is operated at high speed (S: Speed).
S-PVC
Suspension PVC
Synthetic material mainly used in the building sector, e.g. for window frames and pipes, but also as packing material, for cable insulation, and many other applications.
S6-high rolling mill
The specialty of the S6-high rolling mill in comparison with a standard 6-high rolling mill consists in the smaller work roll diameter and the horizontal support, permitting the rolling of thinner strip thicknesses.
SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Centralized/decentralized systems that monitor, visualize, control and regulate the entire equipment and technical processes.
Shoe press
See "PrimePress X."
Shoe roll
See "PrimePress X."
SPO
Secondary Public Offering
Selling of further shares of a company that is already publicly listed.
Thermo-mechanical pulp
See "TMP."
TMP
Thermo-Mechanical Pulp
Pulp produced by refining chips in a refiner at high temperature and pressure. The process relies mainly on mechanical energy and heat. TMP is most commonly used in newsprint and magazine papers.
TOC
Total Organic Carbon
Limit value used to determine the total emission of organic hydrocarbon compounds.
Treasury
Company department that deals with allotment and investment of existing or incoming funds and with the monitoring and hedging of financial risks.
WAPUR
Process for separating chemical contaminants from the waste solution from carbon steel pickling plants. This cleaning process ensures that high-grade iron oxide can be produced in the regeneration system.
WBI
Wiener Börse Index – Vienna Stock Exchange Index
The WBI contains all shares listed on the official market and the semi-official market. The WBI, as overall index, reflects the development of the Austrian stock market as a whole.
White liquor
A strongly alkaline solution used in the cooking (digesting) process. Mainly consists of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide.
Yankee
See "Creping dryer."
Yankee hood
The Yankee hood of a paper machine has two functions: It enables the drying process (hot air at high velocity is blown onto the paper to reach high dry contents), and it evacuates the exhaust air by directing it through slots in the hood located between the nozzle boxes.